The Origins of the Second World War - after A. J. P. Taylor

1. The Voters and the Politicians' Responsibility for the War

The start of the Second World War in 1939 was due to political and diplomatic mistakes and blunders on both sides.

It is customary to place the entire responsibility for the Second World War on the Germans and Hitler. The German Fuhrer was a demonic dictator, who from the very beginning had a plan for the conquest of the World. The democratic nations had no other options than bravely to stand up against this empire of evil. Therefore the politicians and their voters cannot be blamed for this worldwide disaster.

The British historian A. J. P. Taylor published in 1961 a book, "The Origins of the Second World War". After thorough studies of the diplomatic correspondence, key persons' memoirs and many other sources of history, he came to the conclusion that no one who wanted World War II, neither Hitler nor the Western politicians.

History is the essence of our collective experiences, which we have bought with such great sufferings. I do not in any way wish to compare modern Russia with Nazi Germany. However, the actual overall situation with many new nations with big national minorities has some similarities with the political situation in the interwar period. And if we do not learn from history, all these young men's lives will truly have been wasted.

Hitler had no timetable for the world conquest, Taylor wrote, he was an opportunist like most other politicians. He made a move and then judged the opportunities that showed up.

The war, that began in 1939, was far from premeditated; it was a mistake, the result of diplomatic blunders on both sides. (Taylor, p. 269)

The responsibility for the war rests not only on Adolf Hitler; It also rests the responsible politicians in the democratic states and the voters, who chose them.

The road from Denmark to Paris passes through northern France and Flandern. Here are the endless cemeteries with fallen soldiers from the First and Second World War. Here lies the city of Verdun, which in 1916 caused the lives of more than a quarter of a million soldiers.

When we come this way, we will park the car and for a while go around between the white crosses. It is the least we can do for all these young men, for whom it all ended so early.

Once I spoke with a farmer from South Jutland. His father had been a German soldier in the first World War. He survived four years at the front. When he came home from the war, he married, had children and started to manage the family farm. He never talked about the years in the trenches. The only thing, that his children ever heard him say about the war, was that when his unit was transferred from the Eastern Front to the Western Front, he heard a church bell ring New Year's Eve at midnight.

All Across Europe, we are reminded of those, who died in the great wars.

English village churches have at least two large boards on the wall. One with a long list of men from the village, who fell in the first World War, and another with the names of those, who fell in the second World War. Thus also in the rest of Europe. In Northern Italy, they commemorate all those, who did not come home from the Eastern Front, and those who fell during the following partisan war. In the village cemeteries in southern Jutland, the names of the young men of the village, who died in the great wars, are listed.

Was it really necessary? Were there no other options?

It is commonly believed that the First World War started by mistake.

On 28 June 1914, the Austro-Hungarian crown prince, Franz Ferdinand, was shot in Sarajevo by the Serbian student, Princip. He belonged to a group, who called themselves "The Black Hand". The terrorist group was quickly unraveled, and the evidence pointed toward the neighboring state, the kingdom of Serbia. Austria-Hungary demanded that the Serbian government should launch an investigation of the terrorist groups' activities, but the Serbs rejected. Germany urged Russia, which was an ally and protector of Serbia, to press the Serbian government to its senses, but this was ignored. Austria-Hungary delivered a memorandum to Serbia, where they demanded that the Serbian government should dissolve the Serbian-national terrorist networks and show good neighborly relations with Austria- Hungary. The Serbs accepted all of this Memorandum's ten points except one. Nevertheless, Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia. The Russians mobilized in support of their Serbian ally. Austria-Hungary's ally Germany then declared war against Russia and its ally France. The Germans advanced through Belgium, which brought England into the war.

Throughout this process, there were many times, where diplomats and politicians could have sat together and negotiated a settlement, which benefited their respective interests taking into consideration the Powers' relative strengths. But anyone, who comes with hat in hand asking for negotiations, already shows weakness and thereby had weakened his bargaining position in advance. All the powers overestimated their own positions and expected their adversaries to take the initiative to negotiations. One step led to another until a full-scale European war was a fact.

The start of the Second World War in 1939 was also a result of a failed foreign policy and diplomatic blunders. The democratic politicians allowed themselves to be guided by emotions and moral attitudes among their voters. They did not feel themselves in a position that permitted them to pursue real policy.

Unlike many other parts of the world, Europe is a patchwork of independent republics and kingdoms. This is because, during European history the dominant powers always have been matched or defeated by a coalition of smaller powers.

The Turks' expansion into Europe was halted in 1571 by a coalition of Spain, the Italian city-states, the Vatican, the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of St. John in the sea Battle of Lepanto. The Habsburg domination in Europe was stopped in the Thirty Years' War, 1618-48, by the Protestant monarchs of Denmark and Sweden and a France led by Cardinal Richelieu. In 1683 the Turks again were defeated by an alliance of Polish, Austrian and German forces in the Battle of Vienna. Napoleon suffered his Waterloo in 1815 against a coalition of British, Russian and Prussian forces. In the first World War however the Entente and the Central Powers were of approximately equal strength, and the Americans' financial support and their later arrival on the European battlefield in May 1918 made the difference.

In China, the history developed differently. The period from 500 BC to 221 BC is called "The period of the Warring States". Present China was by that time divided among seven equally strong rivalizing states, Zhao, Yan, Qi, Wei, Han, Chu, and Qin. A situation which we recognize from classical Greece and from European history. However, very early the state of Qin built up a strong economic base through the construction of dams and irrigation works in their hinterland in the Wei valley and the Sichuan Chengdu plain. Then they became able to conquer the other Chinese states one by one. Because of their rivalry, they never succeeded in building a coalition, that could withstand Qin. Therefore, China in contrast to Europe became one empire already in 221 BC.

In the wake of the Napoleonic wars the German romantic movement with its idea about a nation, that should be common for all German-speaking peoples, emerged in Europe; "Deutschland uber Alles" was the motto. In 1871 the patchwork of German states and principalities became united in the "German Empire" under Emperor Wilhelm 1. with Otto von Bickmark as Chancellor. This disturbed the political equilibrium of Europe. The new Germany was a very strong economic and therefore also military power that could match almost any coalition of smaller powers. The very existence of a united Germany gave notice of a new Europe.

The principle of Peoples Self-determination

The Principle of Respect for Historical Borders

When the "king of kings", Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, spoke to the assembly at the opening session of the "Organization of African Unity" in Adis Ababa in 1963, he stressed that the African nations necessarily must follow the principle of respect for historical borders. The African borders had been drawn by the colonial powers completely without any account of the people's tribal affiliation. They often follow different longitudes and latitudes. Countless people and tribes have been divided by shared borders. If any African nation puts in question these borders it will trigger an unmanageable chaos. Only by consistently respecting the honored historical borders, peace on the continent could be preserved.

It seems like the assembly took the words of the emperor to their hearts. Only in the dispute over Western Sahara and in connection with Ethiopia's relations with its muslim neighbors, Somalia and Eritrea, the border has been questioned in modern time.

Switzerland is another good example of the principle of respect for historical boundaries. There is no genuine Swiss language. Here are populations that from ancient times have spoken both German, French and Italian. But you have never heard of French-speaking Swiss who did demonstrate for a closer connection to France, or German-speaking Swiss who had made riots because they wanted to belong to Germany. They are all happy to be precisely Swiss.